Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental condition that affects how a person communicates, understands social situations, and experiences the world - and can sometimes make everyday activities more challenging.
Children and young people with ASD have difficulties with communication, understanding and managing social situations and some restrictive or repetitive behaviours.
The exact cause remains unknown, but there is an increased risk of ASD and other neurodevelopmental conditions when close family members have ASD. There are likely to be multiple genes responsible for this rather than a single gene. ASD is not caused by emotional deprivation or the way a child is brought up. Research has concluded there is no link between autism and vaccinations.
Symptoms of ASD are variable depending on severity, age and developmental level or abilities. However, the difficulties are usually classified into three main areas:
Communication: There are usually deficits in social communication and interaction. Some children may be completely non-verbal, whilst others struggle with social speech. Language may be unusual or overly formal and they may struggle to hold a back and forth two way conversation.
Social interaction: There may be difficulties recognising and understanding the feelings of those around them. This may make autistic young people appear insensitive and find it hard to form friendships.
Behaviours, interests and activities: Autistic young people often prefer to follow routines and changes in these can create much anxiety. They may carry out repetitive movements, such as hand flapping or rocking, either to calm themselves down or because they enjoy it. Sensory sensitivities to noise, taste or touch are common.
There are often extreme and intense interests, for example in computers or aeroplanes. Extreme anxiety is common and many young people with autism have difficulties in recognising and regulating their emotions, which can lead to meltdowns or shutdowns if feelings become overwhelming.
If you are worried about your child’s development, the first step is to speak to your GP or health visitor, who will be able to advise and if appropriate refer to the local Child Development Team for assessment.
There is no cure or treatment for ASD, and it is seen as a difference rather than a disadvantage. However, many young people with ASD face challenges and it affects people in different ways. It is often helpful to maintain predictable routines, have daily opportunities for exercise, gain sufficient sleep and have a healthy, balanced diet. Sleep disorders and other neurodevelopmental conditions, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and tics are commonly seen together with ASD. Speak to your GP if you have concerns about either of these and they may refer you to the Child Development Centre for further assessment.
There are non-profit organisations in each locality which provide advice, guidance and practical support to families of youngsters with ASD. The neurodevelopmental nursing team in Child Development Centres can also provide specialist advice and guidance about the condition and managing behavioural difficulties. Speech and language therapy may help with the development of language and communication skills.
If you are concerned the child or young person with ASD may also have a mental health condition, please discuss this with your GP who may refer into your children and young people’s mental health service for further assessment.
There is much more support and guidance for ASD available on the National Autistic Society website.